Two Years of Innovation: A Systematic Review of Empirical Generative AI Research in Language Learning and Teaching
Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2025
Abstract
This systematic review examines the evolution of empirical research on generative AI in language learning and teaching from 2023 to 2024. Following PRISMA guidelines, we analyzed 144 peer-reviewed articles from Web of Science, Scopus, and ERIC databases.
At a glance: 144 articles · 6 research foci · 86.7% higher education · 38.9% mixed methods
PRISMA Screening Process
Two-phase screening: 1,214 initial articles → 887 screened → 249 assessed → 144 included
Publication Growth & Distribution
| Growth by Year & Index | Distribution by Discipline |
|---|---|
 |  |
| 21 articles (2023) → 123 articles (2024) | 43.1% Ed Tech · 38.9% Applied Linguistics |
Research Methodology Trends
| Methods by Year | Theoretical Frameworks |
|---|---|
 |  |
| Mixed methods dominant (38.9%) | TAM most referenced (12 studies) |
Geographic Distribution
| EFL Context by Country | Participant Origin by Country |
|---|---|
 |  |
| China leads (28), followed by Turkey (11) | China (23), US (12), Saudi Arabia (11) |
Educational Levels & Topic Mapping
| Educational Levels | Data Sources by Method |
|---|---|
 |  |
| Higher Ed: 86.7% of all studies | Interviews & surveys most common |
Topic Foci Mind Map
Six interconnected research foci with sub-themes spanning writing, perceptions, cognition, skills, strategies, and implementation
Top Publishing Venues
Computers & Education: AI (16) · Education and Information Technologies (14) · Arab World English Journal (9)
Six Research Foci
- Writing & Feedback — 42.4% (largest focus)
- Perceptions & Attitudes — 28%
- Teaching & Learning Strategies — 22%
- Psychological & Cognitive Aspects — 18%
- Language Skills Development — 15%
- Implementation & Integration — 12%
Critical Gaps
- K-12 settings underrepresented (86.7% higher ed)
- Longitudinal studies insufficient
- Language diversity — 86.1% English-focused
Keywords: Generative AI, Language education, Systematic review, ChatGPT, Empirical research
Recommended citation: Li, B., *Tan, L.Y., Wang, C., & Lowell, V. (2025). Two years of innovation: A systematic review of empirical generative AI research in language learning and teaching. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 9, 100445.
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